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Russian Academy of Science
Academician G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry
and Physiology of Microorganisms |
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| Administration |
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| BORONIN, Alexander M. |
Director, Correspondent member
of the RAS, Professor |
| AKIMENKO, Vassiliy K. |
Scientific Deputy Director, Dr.
Sc., Professor |
| SIDOROV, Igor' A. |
Scientific Deputy Director, Ph.
D. |
| TSVETNITSKIY, Lev V. |
Administrative Deputy Director |
| RESHETILOVA, Tatiana A. |
Scientific Secretary, Dr. Sc. |
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| The Date of Foundation |
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| The Institute of Biochemistry
and Physiology of Microorganisms was founded in 1965 as one of the institutes
of the Centre for Biological Researches of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR in Pushchino. |
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| Major
Research Areas: |
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- Diversity of microbes and its resources
- Physiological and biochemical potential of microorganisms in interaction
with the environment.
- Molecular mechanisms of functioning of genetic systems of microorganisms.
- Use of microorganisms in biotechnology.
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| The Research
Units of the Institute |
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| The Institute
includes 4 departments and 22 laboratories. There are 560 workers in the
Institute; about 200 of them are researchers. 108 of them have Ph. D. degree,
17 have Dr. Sc. degree, and 3 of them are Correspondent members of the RAS.
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Department "All-Russian
Collection of Microorganisms" (VKM)
(the head - Kalakutskiy, Lev V., Correspondent member of the RAS) |
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Adaptation of Microorganisms
(the head - Dudah, Vitaliy I., Dr. Sc., Prof.)
- Laboratory of Genic Taxonomy of Microorganisms (the head - Sidorov,
Igor' A., Ph. D.)
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Department of Biochemistry of
Microorganisms
(the head - Kulayev, Igor' S., Correspondent member of the RAS) |
- Laboratory of Regulation of Biochemical Processes (the head - Kulayev,
Igor' S., Correspondent member of the RAS)
- Laboratory of Protein Secretion of Bacteria (the head - Nesmeyanova,
Marina A., Dr. Sc., Prof.)
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Department of Molecular Biology
and Genetics of Microorganisms
( the head - Boronin, Alexander M., Correspondent member of the RAS) |
- Laboratory of Biology of Plasmids ( the head - Boronin, Alexander
M., Correspondent member of the RAS)
- Laboratory of Mobile Genetic Elements (the head - Ivanov, Vladimir
A., Dr. Sc.)
- Temporary Scientific and Technical Collective (VNTK) of Structural
and Functional Analysis of Genetic Systems of Microorganisms (the head
- Ivashina, Tatiyana V., Ph. D.)
- VNTK of Genetic Enzymology (the head - Kryukov, Valentin M., Ph.
D.)
- VNTK of Genic Activity (the head - Solonin, Alexander S., Ph. D.)
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Department of Metabolism of
Microorganisms
(the head - Akimenko, Vassiliy K., Dr. Sc., Prof.) |
- Laboratory of Aerobic Metabolism of Microorganisms (the head - Finogenova,
Tatiyana V., Dr. Sc., Prof.)
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Metabolism of Microorganisms (the head -
Akimenko, Vassiliy K., Dr. Sc., Prof.)
- Laboratory of Microbiological Transformation of Organic Compounds
(the head - Donova, Marina V., Ph. D.)
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Xenobiotics (the head - Starovoytov,
Ivan I., Ph. D.)
- Laboratory of Enzymatic Degradation of Organic Compounds (the head
- Golovlyova, Lyudmila A., Dr. Sc., Prof.)
- Laboratory of Secondary Metabolites (the head - Kozlovskiy, Anatoliy
G.)
- Laboratory of Radioactive Isotopes (the head - Trotsenko, Yuriy A.,
Dr. Sc., Prof.)
- Laboratory of Growth Physiology of Microbe Cultures (Yeroshin, Valeriy
K., Dr. Sc., Prof.)
- VNTK "Biosensors" (the head - Reshetilov, Anatoliy N.,
Dr. Sc.)
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| Scientific and Technical, Subsidiary
Units |
| Centre of Instrumental Methods
of Analysis (the head - Arinbasarov, Mikhail U.) |
- Sector of Mass-Spectrometry (the head - Zyakun,
Anatoliy M., Dr. Sc.)
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| Centre of Experimental Biotechnology
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- Sector of Biotechnological Processes (the head - Samoylenko, Vladimir
A., Ph. D.)
- Sector of Biosynthesis and Fabricating of Enzymes (the head - Okunev,
Oleg N., Ph. D.)
- Sector of Bio-preparations (the head - Shkidchenko, Alexander N.,
Ph. D.)
- Laboratory of Cultivation (the head - Panteleyeva, Galina G.)
- Laboratory of Nutrient Mediums (the head - Santsevich, Ninel' I.,
Ph. D.)
- Scientific Secretary Service (the head - Reshetilova, Tatiyana A.,
Sc. Dr.)
- Information and Analytical Centre ( the head - Bulashova, Nataliya
A.)
- Editorial and Publishing Group (the head - Kiselyova, Olga V.)
- Computer Techniques Centre (the head - Lysakov, Sergey V.)
- Sector of International Co-Operation (the head - Dmitriyeva, V. A.)
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| Educational-Training and Innovation
Units |
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Besides scientific research, the Institute is involved
in innovation activity in the spheres of education, technological projects,
with their commercial parts.
The following units are attached to the Institute:
- Educational-Training Centre of Sciences on the Environment and Biotechnology
of the Pushchino State University (the head - Kalakutskiy, Lev V., Correspondent
member of the RAS)
- Educational, Scientific and Method Centre for Raising the Level of
Proficiency and Refreshing Training for the Personnel (the head - Sudovtsov,
Viktor Ye., Ph. D.)
- V. I. Vernadskiy Centre for Biosphere Research (the head - Dmitriyeva,
V. A.)
- Scientific and Educational Centre of Applied Ecology (the head -
Kalakutskiy, Lev V., Correspondent member of the RAS)
- Eco-Bio-Techno-Park (the head - Okhotnikov, A. A.)
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| The
Most Prominent Scientific Accomplishments in the Institute |
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| In the fundamental research |
- The largest in Russia collections of micro-organisms have been created.
In the main funds over 14000 strains are being kept. In addition to
them, in the operating collections over 3000 strains are being kept.
They are strains of actinomycetes, yeasts and mycelium fungi, and genetically
modified micro-organisms. Indexes and catalogues of micro-organisms
have been compiled and published.
- As the result of comparing analysis of the maintained diversity of
micro-organisms, new substances have been discovered, or substances
with new functions. In exracellular structures (hemosomes) of the bacteria
Artrobacter sp.d2 cytochrome C and hemoprotein, similar in its spectral
characteristics to haemoglobin, have been discovered.
- Presence of viable forms of yeasts (6 species) in the Siberian permafrost
has been positively determined for the first time. These forms of yeasts
stayed there in anabiosis during 3 to 5 million years. These data open
up new possibilities for solving problems of evolution of micro-organisms.
They also allow to evaluate in a new way the hypothesis of panspermia
in favour of the idea of simultaneous transfer of the associations of
eucaryotic and procaryotic organisms, which correlates with the conclusions
of molecular genetics about approximately equal age of the three kingdoms
of living organisms - eubacteria, eucaryotes, archaea.
- New cellular structures of micro-organisms have been discovered and
characterized for the first time. These structures are: specific complexly
built canals in the cell wall of yeasts; extracellular gas balloons
(chambers); intramembrane structures in the form of inverted membranes.
These structures play an important part in the trophic processes of
the cell and adaptation of micro-organisms to the environment.
- In the framework of long-term prior investigations in the field of
biochemistry of high-molecular polyphosphates, series of works on describing
polyphosphatedehydrating enzymes has been accomplished. In different
organelles of a yeast cell (in the nucleus, mitochondrions, vacuoles,
cytosol, and cell envelope) one and the same enzyme (polyphosphatase)
has significantly different catalytic characteristics. This fact testifies
in favour of rightfullness of the theory of endosymbiotic origin of
the eucaryotic cell.
- The theory of matter and energy balance of growth and synthesis of
products has been worked out. The theory has fundamental significance,
and at the same time serves as the basis for effective technological
calculations of processes of microbe synthesis. Energy parameters of
these processes have been introduced. These parameters have been included
in the number of the terms, which were recommended for use in microbiology
by IUPAC. The concept of biochemical mechanism of supersynthesis has
been created. The results formed the foundation for developing of new
technological methods for obtaining valuable metabolites.
- On the foundation of theoretical analysis of inhibition of reproduction
of retroviruses by nucleic acids, fundamental approach for therapy of
retrovirus infections has been formulated. The approach consists in
simultaneous use of several medicines (retrovirus reproduction inhibitors),
chosen in the way, that some of them cause mutations, which rehabilitate
the sensibility of the virus to the others.
- It has been showed for the first time, that the gene segE of the
phage T4 is "a mobile endonuclease gene", and that high frequency
of the transfer of the gene segE from the plasmid to the genome of the
phage RB30 depends on site-specific endonuclease activity of the protein,
which is encoded by this gene. Thus, for the first time proofs of the
ability of genes of extraintron and extraintein localization, which
encode site-specific endonucleases, to highly efficient transfer from
the donor end+ (endonuclease+) allele to the recipient allele, have
been presented.
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| In the applied research |
- Over 1000 cultures of micro-organisms, which are promising for biotechnology
of environmental control, are being maintained. Work for guaranteed
preservation of the announced fund of micro-organisms is being carried
out. A collection fund and an operating collection of micro-organisms
have been created. They contain: - destructors of resistant alien compounds:
polychlorinated aromatic pollutants, S- and P-containing pesticides,
petroleum and polyaromatic hydrocarbon; - producers of antibiotics,
polysaccharides, alkaloids, mycotoxins; - strains-extremophils, including
inhabitants of the rumen of ruminants and producers of alkali-resistant
cellulases; - methylotrophic bacteria and yeasts; - PGPR Pseudomonas,
possessing a number of properties, useful for agro-biotechnology; -
fruit rotting inhibitors.
- On the foundation of exploring of regularity of formation and functioning
of granulated consortiums of anaerobic bacteria, effective technological
methods of using them in refineries have been advanced.
- On the foundation of fundamental investigations of physiology, biochemistry,
molecular and genetic peculiarities of metabolism of micro-organisms,
laboratory models of biosensors for detection of various classes of
compounds have been developed. The models can serve as prototypes for
usage in biotechnology, medicine, food industry and estimation of the
state of the environment.
- Using the strain-destructor of o-phthalic acid, on the production
"Plastificator" (the city of Karaganda), a pilot plant for
biological refining of industrial drainages and waste gases has been
started.
- Pilot and industrial technologies of producing of series of preparations
have been worked out. The preparations include: - medical preparations
(steroid ones: prednisolone, hydrocortisone, lysoamydase-polysaccharide-enzyme
complex with bacteriolytic, necrolytic performance); - environmental
friendly biopreparations of protecting and stimulating performance for
plant-growing (immunophyt - a natural product, which stimulates natural
plant immunity for diseases; pseudobacterinum - a biopreparation, which
is based on the strain Pseudomonas sp.BS1393, suppresses growth of soil
pathogens, protects plant root system of root rots); - avermectinum
and actininum - environmental friendly preparations for control of Tetranychoidea
and other pests.
- Scientific foundation for developing of a complex environmental friendly
technology for detoxication of yperite and lewisite has been worked
out. The detoxication includes degradation to intermediate products
with their further bio-utilization to environmental friendy compounds.
- A method of utilization of hydrolytic lignin has been developed.
The method provides lignin diminution 30 per cent and production of
a preparation, enriched with microbe protein, promising for usage as
a fodder product for agricultural animals, or as compost for soil structure
formation.
- Large-scale technologies for producing of citric acid and its sodium
citrates have been worked out. The technology for producing of poly-b-oxybutyrate
- the basis of bio-degradable plastic - is being adapted to pilot production.
The Institute is taking part in research works on
60 home grants and 16 international grants and programs, including INTAS,
NATO, INCO-Copernicus, CRDF, State Scientific and Technical Programs
(GNTP) "The Modern Bioengineering Techniques", "Maintaining
of Unique Stands and Plants", "Scientific Research Work on
Gene Engineering Safety", "Biological Diversity", "Means
for Supporting of Research on Physico-Chemical Biology", etc. Elaborations
of the IBPM/RAS received over 370 patents of USSR and Russian Federation,
79 patents of foreign countries (the USA, Sweden, Great Britain, Japan,
France, and others). The results of research of the scientists of the
Institute are presented in more than 7200 scientific publications in
home and foreign issues. Two divisions: All-Russian Collection of Micro-Organisms
(VKM)" and Experimental Technological Plant (OTU)" - are included
in "The List of Unique Research and Experimental Installations
of National Significance". In the funds of VKM over 14000 microbe
cultures (bacteria, including archaebacteria and actinomycetes, fungi,
including yeasts) are being kept and maintained. This number is about
70 per cent of the Russian fund of species.82 per cent of the cultures
can be found only in VKM. VKM is an international organ for depositing
of micro-organisms. VKM is the leading or co-executing organization
for the State Scientific and Technical Programs. Research work in the
Collection accentuates exploring and maintaining microbe diversity.
Top priority attention is being focussed to isolating and examining
of new cultures of micro-organisms and other cultures, promising for
usage in biotechnology, agriculture, environmental control, various
branches of industry. Experimental Technological Plant (OTU) is a unique
in the whole complex of parameters basis for developing of a broad spectrum
of biotechnologies for industrial producing of preparations on the foundation
of microbiological synthesis. The main concern is with science-consuming
technologies. The technologies, which have been developed, can be used
in various spheres of human activity: medicine, veterinary, plant-growing,
food industry.
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